Introduction

Introduction *

Anatomy, microarchitecture, and material composition *

Biomechanics *

Pathophysiology of the aging skeleton *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Bone cells *

Cell function *

Regulation *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Prevalence and incidence of osteoporosis *

Type of fragility fractures *

Morbidity and mortality related to osteoporosis *

Burden of osteoporosis compared to other diseases *

Economic costs of osteoporosis *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Heritability of osteoporosis-related traits and genetic architecture *

Methods for identifying osteoporosis susceptibility genes *

Future developments and clinical relevance *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Diagnosis of osteoporosis *

Different assessments *

FRAX® *

FRAXplus® *

Next generation of FRAX® *

Other fracture risk assessment tools *

Muscle, fall and risk of fracture *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Skeletal anatomy and principles of densitometry *

DXA principles, patient positioning, acquision, analysis *

DXA reporting, interpretation, follow-up *

DXA monitoring *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Clinical indications for bone densitometry *

Trabecular bone score (TBS) *

Other imaging technologies *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Background and classification of vertebral fractures *

Diagnosis of vertebral fractures *

Differential diagnosis of adult vertebral deformities *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Minimal laboratory survey *

Bone turnover markers *

Monitoring of bone turnover markers *

Bone biopsy *

Key messages *

Presentation *

Introduction to secondary osteoporosis *

Osteoporosis caused by endocrine and metabolic diseases *

Chronic kidney disease and mineral bone disorders *

Gastrointestinal disease and osteoporosis *

Osteoporosis caused by inflammatory and neurologic diseases *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) *

Tumour therapy-induced osteoporosis *

Other medications linked to osteoporosis *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Epidemiology *

Differences between male and female bone pathophysiology *

Secondary causes of osteoporosis in men *

Diagnosis of osteoporosis in men *

Specific treatment considerations in men *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Overview of osteoporosis in young adults *

Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLAO) *

Genetic osteoporosis *

Idiopathic osteoporosis in young adults *

Anorexia nervosa *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Lifestyle behaviours *

Key nutrients - Calcium and Vitamin D *

Key nutrients - protein *

Other nutrients *

Specific dietary paterns *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Exercise *

Falls prevention *

Patient education *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Post-fracture care in Fracture Liaison Services *

Vertebro and kyphoplasty *

Local Osteo-Enhancement Procedure (LOEP) *

Physiotherapy and post-fracture rehabilitation *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Intervention thresholds *

Classification of fracture risk *

Overview of available medications and treatment choice *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Principles and overview *

Menopause Hormone Therapy (MHT) *

SERMs: raloxifene and bazedoxifene *

Tibolone *

Bazedoxifene + oestrogen *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Mechanism of action and efficacy *

Alendronate *

Risedronate *

Ibandronate *

Zoledronic acid *

Duration of bisphosphonate therapy *

Sequential therapy and safety concerns of bisphosphonates *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Mechanism of action and efficacy *

Bone effects *

Discontinuation of Denosumab *

Sequential therapy *

Safety concerns *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Osteonecrosis of the jaw *

Atypical femur fracture *

Introduction *

Mechanism of action and efficacy *

Combination therapy *

Sequential therapy *

Safety concerns *

Key messages *

Introduction *

Mechanism of action and efficacy *

Bone effects *

Sequential therapy *

Safety *

Comparisons between osteoanabolics and antiresorptives *

Key messages *